Bioethics 3rd Edition by Lewis Vaughn Chapter 1 Notecards
Bioethics
Fifth Edition
Lewis Vaughn
Description
Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases explores the philosophical, medical, social, and legal aspects of key bioethical issues. Opening with a thorough introduction to ethics, bioethics, and moral reasoning, it then covers influential moral theories and the criteria for evaluating them. Integrating eighty-nine readings, numerous classic bioethical cases, and abundant pedagogical tools, this text addresses the most provocative and controversial topics in bioethics.
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Bioethics
Fifth Edition
Lewis Vaughn
Editorial Board
Lewis Vaughn is the author or coauthor of numerous books, including Philosophy: Here and Now, Fourth Edition (2022), Bioethics, Fourth Edition (2020), The Power of Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition (2019), and Living Philosophy, Third Edition (2021), all published by Oxford University Press.
Bioethics
Fifth Edition
Lewis Vaughn
Table of Contents
Preface?x
Part 1. Principles and Theories
Chapter 1 moral reasoning in bioethics?3
Chapter 2 bioethics and moral theories?34
Part 2. Medical Professional and Patient
Chapter 3 paternalism and patient autonomy?97
Chapter 4 truth-telling and confidentiality?176
Chapter 5 informed consent?228
Chapter 6 human research?271
Part 3. Life and Death
Chapter 7 abortion?339
Chapter 8 reproductive technology?440
Chapter 9 genetic choices?562
Chapter 10 euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide?648
Part 4. Justice and Health Care
Chapter 11 dividing up health care resources?743
Chapter 12 PANDEMIC ETHICS
Chapter 13 RACE, RACIAL BIAS, AND HEALTH CARE
Appendix?811
Glossary?813
Index?815
CONTENTS
Preface?x
Part 1. Principles and Theories
Chapter 1
moral reasoning in bioethics?3
Ethics and Bioethics?3
Ethics and the Moral Life?5
In Depth: Morality and the Law?7
Moral Principles in Bioethics?8
Autonomy?9
Nonmaleficence?10
Beneficence?10
Utility?11
Justice?12
Ethical Relativism?13
In Depth: Anthropology and Moral Diversity?14
Ethics and Religion?17
Moral Arguments?19
Argument Fundamentals?19
Patterns of Moral Arguments?22
Review: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms?23
In Depth: Fallacies in Moral Reasoning?24
Evaluating Premises?26
Assessing Whole Arguments?28
Obstacles to Critical Reasoning
Key Terms?29
Summary?29
Argument Exercises?30
Further Reading?32
Notes?33
Chapter 2
bioethics and moral theories?34
The Nature of Moral Theories?34
Influential Moral Theories?35
Utilitarianism?36
In Depth: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule?38
Kantian Ethics?38
Principlism?40
Natural Law Theory?41
Rawls' Contract Theory?43
Virtue Ethics?44
In Depth: Can Virtue Be Taught??46
The Ethics of Care?46
Feminist Ethics?47
Casuistry?48
Criteria for Judging Moral Theories?49
Review: Evaluating Moral Theories: Criteria of Adequacy?50
Applying the Criteria?50
Utilitarianism?51
Kant's Theory?52
Key Terms?53
Summary?53
Further Reading?54
Notes?54
readings?55
"Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill?55
"The Moral Law," Immanuel Kant?58
Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle?63
"The Need for More Than Justice," Annette C. Baier?78
"Moral Saints," Susan Wolf?86
Part 2. Medical Professional and Patient
Chapter 3
paternalism and patient autonomy?97
Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism?97
Refusing Treatment?98
In Depth: Physician Autonomy?100
Legal Brief: Advance Directives?101
Futile Treatment?102
Legal Brief: Refusing Treatment for Children on Religious Grounds?103
In Depth: CPR and DNR?104
In Depth: Moral Conflicts in Nursing?104
Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia?105
Applying Major Theories?106
Key Terms?107
Summary?107
Cases for Evaluation?108
Further Reading?110
Notes?110
readings?111
"Paternalism," Gerald Dworkin?111
"The Refutation of Medical Paternalism," Alan Goldman?121
"Why Doctors Should Intervene," Terrence F. Ackerman?127
"Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine," Robert L. Schwartz?132
"Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship," Ezekiel J. Emanuel
and Linda L. Emanuel?137
"Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue Between Dax
Cowart and Robert Burt," Dax Cowart and Robert Burt?150
Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeal?160
"Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," AMA
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs?165
"Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?" Helga Kuhse?166
Chapter 4
truth-telling and confidentiality?176
Paternalism and Deception?176
In Depth: Do Patients Want the Truth? Do Physicians Tell It??177
Confidential Truths?179
Legal Brief: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn?180
In Depth: Truth-Telling and Cultural Diversity?181
Classic Case File: Carlos R.?182
Applying Major Theories?183
Key Terms?183
Summary?183
Cases for Evaluation?184
Further Reading?186
Notes?186
readings?187
"On Telling Patients the Truth," Mack Lipkin?191
"Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients?," Shelly K. Schwartz?193
"Why Privacy Is Important," James Rachels?204
"Confidentiality in Medicine-A Decrepit Concept," Mark Siegler?209
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme
Court of California?223
Chapter 5
informed consent?228
Autonomy and Consent?228
Conditions of Informed Consent?229
In Depth: Decision-Making Capacity?231
In Depth: Two Views of Informed Consent?233
Legal Brief: Important Informed Consent Cases?
Applying Major Theories
Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
"Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?" Jay Katz
"Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody
Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals
Chapter 6
human research
The Science of Clinical Trials
In Depth: The Tuskegee Tragedy
Beneficence, Science, and Placebos
Science and Informed Consent
In Depth: Women in Clinical Trials
Research on the Vulnerable
In Depth: Why Enter a Clinical Trial?
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
The Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research
Involving Human Subjects, World Medical Association
"The Belmont Report," The National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee
on Human Radiation Experiments
"Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial,"
Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman
"A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical
Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman
"Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,"
Allan M. Brandt
"The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell
"Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries," Baruch Brody
Part 3. Life and Death
Chapter 7
abortion
Starting Point: The Basics
Fact File: U.S. Abortions
In Depth: Abortion and Public Opinion?2021
The Legal Struggle
In Depth: Abortions Performed Later in Pregnancy
Persons and Rights
In Depth: Does a Fetus Feel Pain?
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: Nancy Klein
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson
"Why Abortion Is Immoral," Don Marquis
"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren
"Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Jane English
"Abortion," Margaret Olivia Little
"Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens," Susan Sherwin
Roe v. Wade, United States Supreme Court
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, United
States Supreme Court
Chapter 8
reproductive technology
In Vitro Fertilization
Fact File: Assisted Reproduction
In Depth: "Savior Siblings"
Surrogacy
In Depth: IVF and Children's Future Children
Cloning
In Depth: Cloning Time Line
Applying Major Theories
In Depth: Sherri Shepherd: How Surrogacy Can Go Wrong
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: Baby M
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer
"The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson
"Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?" Laura M. Purdy
"Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock
"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro
and Con," Dan W. Brock
Chapter 9
genetic choices
Genes and Genomes
Genetic Testing
Gene Therapy
Fact File: Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk
Fact File: New Developments in Gene Therapy
Stem Cells
Applying Major Theories
Classic Case File: The Kingsburys
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?"
Laura M. Purdy
"The Morality of Screening for Disability," Jeff McMahan
"Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future,"
Dena S. Davis
"Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing,"
Robert Wachbroit
"The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms-The Case of Wrongful
Handicaps," Dan W. Brock
"Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?" John Harris
"Genetic Enhancement," Walter Glannon
"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings,"
Julian Savulescu
"Germ-Line Gene Therapy," LeRoy Walters and Julie Gage Palmer
"What Does 'Respect for Embryos' Mean in the Context of Stem Cell
Research?" Bonnie Steinbock
Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic
Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Pontifical Academy for Life
Chapter 10
euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
Deciding Life and Death
Legal Brief: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments
In Depth: Assisted Suicide: What Do Doctors Think?
Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm
In Depth: Oregon's Death With Dignity Act
In Depth: End-of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands
Applying Major Theories
In Depth: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Opinion
Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making,"
Timothy E. Quill
"Voluntary Active Euthanasia," Dan W. Brock
"When Self-Determination Runs Amok," Daniel Callahan
"Active and Passive Euthanasia," James Rachels
"Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)Assisted Suicide,"
John Hardwig
"The Philosophers' Brief," Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick,
John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson
"Legalizing Assisted Dying Is Dangerous for Disabled People," Liz Carr
"'For Now Have I My Death': The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help
the Ill Stay Alive," Felicia Ackerman
Vacco v. Quill, United States Supreme Court
Part 4. Justice and Health Care
Chapter 11
dividing up health care resources
Health Care in Trouble
Fact File: U.S. Health Care
Theories of Justice
In Depth: Comparing Health Care Systems: United States,
Canada, and Germany
A Right to Health Care
In Depth: Public Health and Bioethics
The Ethics of Rationing
Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
readings
"Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?,"
Norman Daniels
"The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan
"Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care
Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude,"
H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
"Mirror, Mirror?2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and
Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," Eric C. Schneider,
Dana O. Sarnak, David Squires, et al.
"Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress et al.
"Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin
Chapter 12
PANDEMIC ETHICS
Pandemic Facts
When Resources Are Scarce
Personal Choices
In Depth: The Privilege of Social Distancing
Covid Falsehoods
In Depth: Against Pandemic Falsehoods
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
READINGS
"Why Some Americans Refuse to Social Distance and Wear Masks," Michael Sandel and Colleen Walsh
"Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19," Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Govind Persad, Ross Upshur, et al
"ICU Triage: How Many Lives or Whose Lives?" Angela Ballantyne
Chapter 13
RACE, RACIAL BIAS, AND HEALTH CARE
Race and Racism
Health Disparities and Race
Implicit Bias in Health Care
In Depth: Can Implicit Biases Be Changed?
Racial Profiling in Medicine
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
READINGS
"Racial Profiling in Medicine," Michael Root
Appendix
Glossary
Index
Bioethics 3rd Edition by Lewis Vaughn Chapter 1 Notecards
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